PREFECE
“The most valuable asset of a 21st century institution, whether business or
non-business, will be its knowledge, workers and their productivity.”
(Drucker)
Business environment are becoming more and more complex
with the passage of time. To understand and deal with such riddle
phenomena, one needs a lot of energy and knowledge. Therefore,
business education has become an evolving science, which helps
to solve the business problems. Academics education provides
general knowledge about business decisions policies.
As a part of M.B.E ( Master In Business Economics ), provides
the opportunity to use thinking. It enables us to evaluate and
understand the application of all the terms and techniques that we have
studied during our course work.
I was assigned to complete my internship report on
BISMILLAH TEZTILE MILLS Ltd. I have tried my level best to
explain each significant aspect of the company comprehensively.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topic
• Global History of Textile
• Overview of Textile Industry In Pakistan
• Introduction
• Organizational Chart
• Mission Statement
• The Motto
• Target Corporation
• Weaving Department
• Weaving
• Type of Weave
• Weaving Machines
• Weaving Process Flow Chart
• Description of Weaving Process Flow
• Processing Department
• Woven Gray Fabric Processing
• Woven Fabric Process Flow Chart
• Description of Woven Fabric Process Flow
• Spinning Department
• Purchase Department
• Import Department
• Quality Control
• Export Department
• Export Documentation
• Administration Department
• Core Competencies
• Marketing Mix
• Pest Analysis
• Swot Analysis
• Observation and Suggestions
• Our Markets
• Graphs
Global History of Textile
Textile shields our bodies and brings comfort to our homes. Textile products thus cater to a basic human need, they are among the most important goods fabricated and traded by mankind and have thus played a central role in history. It is no wonder that historians have paid a lot of attention to spinning and weaving, the basic process in producing textile. Not only have numerous regional and national studies on developments in the textile producing and trading sectors been published, but textile has also been in the centre of several crucial debates. Theories on (proto-) industrialization, technological and business history, and the gendered division of labour, for instance, have often taken the textile industry as an important point of reference. This project aims to take stock of the work done on textile workers all over the world, to compare their history internationally and over a long stretch of time. In doing this, we want to focus on wool and cotton production. Many natural and artificial fibers have been spun into yarn and woven to cloth over the past centuries, but wool and cotton have been important fibers, considering global production over the entire period from 1650 until recent times. This period has been chosen to be able to show processes of industrialization and de-industrialization in the world. In the pre- industrial phase, market production of textile mostly took place on farms by part of the rural population and in urban workshops by artisans. In some regions, weavers and entrepreneurs sought for cheaper ways of organizing market production, by employing other weavers and spinners in the countryside for wages to produce for them. The specific nature of this ‘proto- industrialization’ was debated especially in relation to textile production. In search of cheaper cloth production, technical improvements were made to enlarge spinning and weaving production from the 1760s onwards. Cotton and wool among the first raw materials to be processed industrially after the introduction of new machinery. The ‘industrial revolution’ created immensely wealthy textile employers and condemned the actual producers to work in more efficient factories. The living conditions of textile workers and their efforts to improve their situation have largely characterized the debates in social and economic history on the consequences of industrialization.
Specific stages of textile production, whether in domestic, artisan or factory industry, were almost invariably divided between men and women. In some cases spinning was performed exclusively by women, in other cases by men. Certain kinds of products were only made by one, others by the other sex. Sometimes specific machines were only operated by one sex. Usually female workers (and children of both saxes) earned for less than men, even in performing exactly the same tasks. These and other aspects of the gendered nature of textile production can only be sufficiently explained by a through historical analysis, which compares these mechanisms in different parts of the world, throughout time. Textile early became a global product. Wool and cotton were cultivated in one place, transported to centre where yarn cloth were produce, and the (partly) finished products were again moved to places all over the world, where they were sold for future refinement or usage. Both with in and between countries different technologies, even un-mechanized and mechanized production, often co-existed for remarkably long periods for a variety of reasons. Trade relations and political hegemony greatly influenced the decision about what processes could be performed most profitably in which place. Metropolitan authorities often prevented their colonies from protecting their local textile industries. With the process of de-colonization, however, the lower wage rates in the ex-colonies served very well to compete with the former colonial powers. Consequently, the textile industries in the economic core regions of the world dramatically declined after 1950. Notwithstanding this reversal of roles, long commodity chains in textile goods, linking all parts of the world, remained typical.
Overview of Textile Industry in Pakistan
The cotton textile industry represents the very pluses of the country’s economic activity. The industry, apart from catering with the basic need of clothing, has been earning substational exchange through export.
At the time of independence in 1947 there were only 3,000 looms installed in the mills sector. Now the installed looms are around 16,000 in the mills sector and 300,000 in power looms sector. The cloth processing facilities have also been increased with the increase in production of cloth. Textile industry is the dominant manufacturing sector in Pakistan. It is based on locally available raw cotton, employ 40% of total industrial labour force and contributes 27% of industrial value addition with 60% share in total export of the country. The sector’s weight in country’s industrial production is 18% and approximately 30% of value addition in manufacturing during the eight five year plan. Pakistan is the world’s largest exporter of yarn. Textile production comprises of cotton, cotton yarn, cotton fabric, fabric processing (Gray-dyed-printed), home textile, towels, hosiery & knitwear and readymade garments.
Introduction
Bismillah is a vertical textile mill in Pakistan, primarily focused on home textile. It started its business in1989 as a commercial exporter. It than expanded into exporting printed fabrics mainly to the US market. In 1995, the company decided to setup its own printing and dying mill. Its first year annual sale was less than one million dollars, today its sales are in excess of 35 million dollars. Bismillah has several manufacturing units located in different of the city of Faisalabad. Faisalabad is the third largest city of Pakistan and is known as the Manchester of Pakistan because of its textile industry. Later on, the company added cut’s sew, weaving, spinning and yarn dyeing into its operation. Today, the company enjoys a unique position in Pakistan textile industry. It is not only one of the top mills in terms of capacities but a leader in high value added products.
Faisalabad yarn market is Asia’s largest yarn market. It is located in the heart of Faisalabad, near Clock Tower. Bismillah’s purchase office is located in this market. Yarn and greige fabric purchase are made in this office. The chairman of Bismillah, Abdul Majeed Sheikh, with his vast experience and most credible reputation, he makes sure that the company’s needs of yarn and grey fabrics are met in a professional and most effective manner. The drive and commitment to be the leader in this industry continues. The company has recently setup a very high-tech cut’s sew plant, Which has doubled its capacities of finished products.
Organizational
Chart
Names And Designation Of The Top Level Management
CHAIRMAN
Sheikh Haji Abdul Majeed
CHIEF EXECUTIVE
Abdul Hafeez Pasha
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR WEAVING, ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE
M. Uzair Anwer
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR CMT, PRODUCTION AND PACKING
Shafqat Ali
QUALITY MANAGER
Kashif Bhatti
Mission Statement
The purpose of existence of the company is its customer. Hence, it endeavors to give value for money by way of merchandise of commensurate and acceptable quality. Vendors to the company are carefully selected on basis of parameters of quality, reliability and price, and are considered as essential partners in the company’s pursuit of excellence.
The company requires its vendors to company with national laws and regulation, and with international convention concerning the protection of the environment working conditions and child labour.
The Motto
To achieve highest quality in the most efficient way by employing the skilled workforce and latest technology without compromising on our commitment to safe environment.
Target Corporation
Standards of vendor engagement target corporation and its affiliated companies, conducts its business in an ethical manner. We are concern about human rights. We expect our business partners to share our ethical concerns. We use the following standards in selecting our business partner and expect compliance with these standards by our business partner, including all manufactures, contractors, subcontractors and suppliers utilized in the manufacture and finishing of product that are ordered by target corporation or any of its affiliated companies.
• Safe and healthy workplace
• No forced or compulsory labour
• Fair disciplinary practices
• No discrimination
• Reasonable working hours and overtime
• Fair wages
• No child labour
• Country of origin
Weaving Department
The two weaving plants are located adjacent to the processing mill at Khurianwala. There are 164 air jet and rapier looms. All of these looms are wide width, 110” and 134”.The looms are quite diverse in their operations from producing plain weave fabrics to six colour Jacquard fabrics.
Weaving
Weaving is a process by which yarn is woven into fabric. In weaving process, lengthwise yarns are called warp (ends) yarns, whereas, the crosswise yarns are called weft (picks) yarns.
Fabric Construction
In the weaving process, there is always a fixed relation between the ends, picks and width of the fabrics with the yarn used in warp and weft. The number of warp yarn threads required in one inch of fabric are called ends/inch and the number of weft (filling) yarn in an inch of fabric are also called picks/inch. This relation indicates the construction of the woven fabric. The construction having large number of ends and picks is called a heavy construction and a construction having less number of ends and picks is called light constructed fabric.
The construction of a fabric is described as follows:
For example 20*20/108*58 = 63” 1/1, tucked in salvage
This will be read as:
Count of warp yarn (20) * Count of weft yarn (20) / No of ends per inch (108) * No of picks per inch (58) = Width of fabric (63”), type of weave (1/1) & tucked in salvage.
Type of Weave
There are three main basic weaves in use for the majority of fabric.
• Plain Weave
• Twill Weave
• Satin Weave
Plain Weave = 1/1 * 0
0 *
It is the simplest type of construction. On the loom, the plain weave requires only two harnesses. Each filling yarn goes alternately under and over the warp yarns across the width of the fabric. If the yarns are closer together, the plain weave will have higher count.
Twill Weave = 2/1 , 3/1 * * 0 * * * 0
* 0 * * * 0 *
0 * * , * 0 * *
0 * * *
A distinct design in the form of diagonals is characteristic of the second basic weave called the twill. The twill is frequently more tightly woven. Uneven four-shaft twill for example that has one warp yarn riding over three filling yarns is referred to as three up and one down, or 3/1. Staple yarn is usually left-hand twill. Wool type fabrics are usually right hand twills.
Satin Weave = 4/1 * * * * 0
* * * 0 *
* * 0 * *
* 0 * * *
0 * * * *
In basic construction the satin weave is similar to the twill weave but generally uses from five to as many as twelve harnesses producing a five to twelve-shaft construction. It differs in appearance from the twill weave, because of diagonal of satin weave is not visible.
Weaving Machines
There are many kinds of weaving machines-looms in use today and the basic difference in all of them is the technology applied for weft yarn insertion. Following are the main weaving machine that are used in Bismillah.
Machines No of Looms
• Jacquard Looms (Rs 10,000,000 each) 14
(The machine name is Dornier, These
machine have computerize system &
make all type of design and made by
German)
• Pat Machine 280cm (Rs 500,000 each) 56
(These machine have make a simple
design & made by Japan)
• Pat Machine 330cm (Rs 500,000 each) 24
(These machine have make a satin
design & made by Japan)
• Dobby Looms (Rs 6,000,000 each) 24
(The machine name is Zax Navy, these
have make a dobby design & made by
Japan)
• Zax Machine 340cm (Rs 6,000,000 each) 12
(These also make a dobby design and made
by Japan)
• Zax Machine 280cm (Rs 6,000,000 each) 12
(These also make a dobby design & made
by Japan)
Total Machine-Looms 142
Weaving Process Flow Chart
The flow chart shows the basic flow of processes, which is required for weaving.
Warping
Sizing
Drawing in Knotting
Weaving
Inspection / Grading
Folding
Packing
Description of Weaving Process Flow
Warping
Warping is the process in which yarn from several hundred cones is wound on a beam. The yarn cones are placed on a rack called creel. From this creel, the yarn are wound on a warp beam, which is similar to a huge spool. An uninterrupted length of hundreds of warp yarn results all lying parallel to one another. Different types of looms require different lengths and density of yarn for the weaving. Normally 650 kg yarn can be wounded on the beam.
Sizing
The surface of gray yarn is hairy and during the weaving process, yarn is subject to friction. In order to have better weave, efficiency and less breakage (wastage), the surface of yarn is to be smoothened and the effects of friction are to minimized. This is done through the sizing process. The purpose of sizing is to apply a protective film to the body of yarn in order to enable it to withstand the various stress and strains, by which it is subjected to process of weaving and enhancing its strength and elasticity. Yarn is coated with maize starch, PVA (poly vinyl acetate) or water-soluble polymers to prevent it from chafing or breaking during the weaving process.
Calculation of creel beams required for warping 20*20/108*58 = 98” fabric construction
Total ends = (No of ends * Width) + Selvedge ends
= (108*98) + 10 selvedge ends = 10,594 ends
Creel capacity = 672 (Maximum creel capacity of warping machine)
No of beams required = Total ends / creel capacity = 10,594 / 672 = 15.75 or 16
Beams, so one set for sizing consist of 16 beams i.e.16 beams are to be sized for making one-warp beams for feeding on the loom.
Drawing in
Purpose of the drawing in process is to prepare yarn for weaving on looms. Ends of the yarn are passed through the eyes of the healed. The process of drawing warp threads through healed and reeds is known as “drawing”.
Knotting
When the yarn on warp beam mounted on the loom comes towards an end, and more similar variety is to be produced, the yarn from the old beam is knotted with a new beam, either manually or with the knotting machine mounted on looms, in this case drawing-in does not have to be performed and time involved in drawing in process is eliminated.
Weaving
The sized and drawn in beam is mounted on the loom at one end and the warp yarns are conveyed to a cylinder called the cloth roll at the other end, between the eyes of healed and reed dents. In order to weave fabric, two separate yarns are used i.e. warp yarn and weft yarn. Warp yarn are generally stronger yarns with more twist per inch and weft yarn are comparatively softer yarn with lesser twist per inch. In shuttle less weaving, however, this practice has been eliminated and similar yarns are used for warp and weft to ensure quality and uniformity of the finished fabric.
Inspection and Grading
The woven fabric on the beams from the looms is taken to the inspection department for inspection and grading. The fabric inspected by trained staff on the machines. The fabric is graded as “A” ”B” and “C’, depending on the fabric faults. There are two fabric grading systems viz, Japanese and American. Brief description of two systems is given below:
• Japanese System
In this system, if the total faults per 100 running yards (length and width including), are up to 80 points, the fabric is called “A” grade.
• American System
In this system, if the total faults per 100 running yards are up to 25 points, then the fabric is called “A” grade,
The points are calculated as follows:
Japanese American
A) One major fault 10 points 4 points
B) Half width fault 5 points 3 points
C) Below half width more than 6 inches 3 points 2 points
D) Below 6 inches width 1 points 1 points
The rejected fabric having minimum piece length of 40 yards or above is called “B” grade and if the piece length of the rejected fabric is from 9 to 39 yards, it is called “C” grade. If the piece length of fabric is below 9 yards it is called “rags”.
Major cloth faults may be due to warp or weft yarn poor quality, improper maintenance of loom, poor quality of auxiliary devices and carelessness on part of weaver.
Major Fabric Fault
• Warp Marks
Longitude strips along warp may cause missing of one or several warp ends.
• Miss picks or set marks
Strips over full and partial width of cloth, improper working of weft fillers, improper loom stoppage, negligence of weaver.
• Difference in warp yarn and weft yarn density
Thick and thin places, improper working of let off motion or fabric takes up motion, faulty operation of fork, weft filler, improper loom stoppage, etc.
• Irregular pick
Variation in weft count, irregular operation of take up and let off motion.
• Bad selvedge
Slackening of selvedge ends, improper winding of fabric edges on cloth’s roll, improper winding of warp on weavers beam.
• Over shoots and fluffing
It is formed by weft yarn, which fail to inter lace with warp and accumulation of fluff on weft yarn.
• Oil stains and dirt on cloth
Careless oiling of looms, dirty hands of weavers, and condition in the shed.
Major Yarn Fault
• Thick and thin yarn
Thick and thin yarn will effect, the warping and sizing. In warping the yarn is mounted on the warp beams at a certain tension and due to the thin places, the yarn will break frequently. In sizing, the thin and thick yarn will absorb the sizing material in different percentages and the sized beams will effect efficiency of looms.
• Shade variation and count variation
Yarn prepared from cotton having low staple length will create excessive breakage during warping and sizing.
• Low staple yarn
Yarn prepared from cotton having low staple length will create excessive breakage during warping and sizing.
• Fluffy yarn
Yarn having fluff on it will create harshness on the woven fabric and it will be difficult to dye
Folding
The inspection department, send the fabric length to folding department in which all the fabric is folded as per the type of fabric lengths and grades.
Packing
After folding, the fabric is shifted to packing department and the packing department will pack cloth as per its requirement. For exports the fabric is packed in export’s sea worthy rolls and bales. The bale packing is from 500 yards to 1000 yards or as per buyer’s requirement. Some buyers require fabric in roll packing because it is easy for them to put on the dyeing/finishing machines.
Processing Department
The company has continuously invested on hi-technological automated system as well as modern instruments and equipment. The equipment installed at processing plant has been sourced from world-renowned manufacturers, thereby enabling Bismillah to produce products conforming to international quality standards. It is strongly anticipated that our investments will be endless owing to the fact that we are living in an era of dynamic and unceasing technological innovation currently the processing plant is designed for a production of 3 million meters of printed and 1.5 million meters of dyed fabrics. The production of dyed cloth is going to increase to 2 million meters as of January 2005.
Printing includes pigment, reactive and vat printing with direct, discharge and resist methods, and continuous dying on pad-dry-thermosol and pad-dry-steam. It specializes in several finishes, e.g. oil and water repellant, anti microbial (anti bacterial, anti static, anti fungal, anti moth etc.), anti static, uv protective, flame retardant, down proof, crease resistance and wrinkle free, chintz, and special silicone (hydrophobic and hydrophilic).
Woven Gray Fabric Processing
Gray fabrics must be cleaned before they can be put into the finishing process. It contains sizing material and may also contains oils, other additives and dirt. Complete removal is necessary in order to finish, dye, and/or print the fabric effectively. The method of cleaning depends upon the fiber in the fabric, the kind of impurities present, and the construction of the fabric. Finishing and processing is categorized in several ways. Those concerned with textile processing may classify them as wet and dry finishes, respectively. Gray fabric processing and finishing can be categorized into three major classes.
• White Bleach
• Dyed
• Printed
The designers, merchandisers, sales personal, and others are concerned with end product.
White Bleach
If the cloth is to be finished white or is to be given surface ornamentation, all natural color must be removed by bleaching. This is also necessary if discoloration stains have occurred during the previous manufacturing process. Bleaching can be done in the yarn stage as well as in the constructed fabric.
Dyeing
Dyeing and printing differ in the method by which color is applied to fabric. In the dyeing process, fiber, yarn, or fabric is impregnated with a dyestuff. To select the proper dye for a fabric, it is necessary to know which dyes have an affinity for the vegetable, animal, or man made fibers.
Printing
In printing, a pattern or a design is generally imprinted on the fabric in one or more colors by using dyes in paste from or some related means. One from of applying colors decoration to a fabric after it has otherwise been finished is called printing. There are three basic approaches to printing a color on a fabric: direct, discharge, and resist.
Woven Fabric Process Flow Chart
The flow chart shows the basic flow of processes, which is required for processing.
Singing and De-sizing
Batching
Bleaching
Scouring
Mercerizing
Tentering
Dyeing
Printing
Tenering/Finishing
Glazing
Embossing
Wash and Wear Finish
Calendaring
Sunforizing
Inspection and Folding
Packing
Description of Woven Fabric Process Flow
Singeing and De-sizing
In order to remove the extra fibers from yarn used in cotton or cotton blended fabric weaving, and to have a smooth finish; singeing is one of the first essential preparatory processes. Singeing is necessary in order to eliminate the pilling effect on fabric, which may occur due to extra fiber on the yarn surface. Spun rayon fabrics are also frequently singed. But wool and silk fiber ands would melt resulting in balls on the surface of the fabric. Singeing is accomplished by passing the gray fabric rapidly over gas flames, usually two burners to a side.
After the cotton cloth leaves the burners, for de-sizing (removing the sizing material), it is pulled through a solution of an enzyme to digest the starch with which the fabric is composed.
Batching
After applying the de-sizing agents, the fabric is rolled on and is constantly rotated, with polythene cover outside, in order to keep it wet from all sides. This is done to have chemical reaction of the enzymes with sizing material (for breaking the sizing material). PC fabric is kept in batching for 4 to 8 hours and the cotton fabric is kept for 8 to 16 hours.
Bleaching
Bleaching makes the cloth ready for printing. The fabric undergoes three washes. First two washes are with the boiling water and the third is with a 60-degree hot water. Bleaching can be done in the yarn stage as well as in the constructed fabric. The kind of chemicals to be used depends upon the kind of textile fiber of which the fabric is composed.
Scouring
Scouring is a process, in which the fabrics are given special washes to increase their dye up take. The chemical react with the cellulose of the fabric. In this process the fabric is passed through chemical of scouring agent and the wetting agent. These chemicals allow the fiber to swallow and the dye up take will increase. Scouring is done primarily for the fabric dyeing.
Mercerizing
Mercerizing is an important preparatory process for cotton fabrics. Mercerizing causes the flat, twisted, ribbon like cotton fiber to swell into a round shape and to contract in length. The fiber becomes much more lustrous than the original fiber, and its strength is increased by as much as 20 percent. Its affinity for direct, vat and reactive dyes is much greater. The process consist of passing the fabric through a cold 15 to 20 percent solution of caustic soda. It is then stretched out on a tender frame where hot water sprays remove most of the caustic. A special washer at the end of the tenter removes the balance of the alkali. The process is continuous.
Tentering
This process is applied at various stages of finishing. Usually a fabric is wet when it is run into a tenter; drying and evening of the fabric width are the primary purposes of tentering. The tenter frame consist of two endless chains carried in rugged rails with clips or pins, which grip the selvage of the fabric and carry into the heated housing where a blast of hot air removes any moisture. The tentering process is to keep the warp and weft yarns straightened and give crease resistance to the fabric. It is an end process for white bleached fabric. Printed and dyed fabric has to pass through the stander first the bleaching/scouring and second after printing and dyeing.
Dyeing
In the dyeing process, fiber, yarn, or fabric is impregnated with a dyestuff. To select the proper dye for a fiber, it is necessary to know which dyes have an affinity for the vegetable, animal, or man made fibers. There are several types of dyeing machines devised for different kinds of fabric with different kinds of raw material. When a dye colors fabric directly with one operation of impregnation, without the aid of an affixing agent, the dye is called direct dye.
Following are the main dyeing methods:
• Stock dyeing: The process of dyeing is done in the fiber stage.
• Yarn dyeing: The process is done after the fiber has been spun into yarn.
• Piece dyeing: The dyeing is done on the fabric.
• Garment dyeing: It is done after certain kinds of apparel are knitted.
Printing
In the process of printing a pattern or a design is generally imprinted on the dyed or bleached fabric in one or more colors by using dyes in paste from or some related means.
Tenering/Finishing
When the fabrics is bleached, dyed, or printed, it is again processed through stentering machine for required finish. It is the same process as it is already explained in the tentering process. Usually the fabric is wet when it is run into a tenter; drying and evening of the fabrics width are the primary purposes of tentering.
There are following major finishing treatment in use.
• Temporary stiffening
Cotton and linen can be given stiffness, smoothness, weight and strength by immersion in a solution of starch. This process is commonly known as starching. A small amount of starch in consumer’s goods (especially cotton fabrics) helps to retain freshness while they are on the dealer’s shelves.
• Permanent stiffening
Permanent stiffening effects can be achieved by chemical process that change the cellular structure of the fiber.
Glazing
A shift polished or glazed surface can be obtained by the application of starch, glue, mucilage, or shellac followed by friction calendaring. The process makes a fabric resistant to dust and spot and minimized shrinkage.
Embossing
The process of producing raised figures or designs in relief on surface of fabric by passing the cloth between heated engraved rollers is known as embossing.
Wash and wear finish
These are also referred to as dip-dry finishes. Garment made of fabric with wash-and-wear finishes will dry smooth and need little or no ironing after washing, depending upon the quality of the finish and the construction of the fabric.
Calendaring
The tentered and finished fabric is taken to the calendaring machine for ironing purposes. Calendaring is essentially an ironing process that adds shine to the fabric. The method varies according to the type of finish desired. Calendars are heavy machine made up of at least two rolls.
Sunforizing
The calendared fabric is taken to sanforizing machine for controlling of shrinkage. This process reduces the shrinkage of cotton and linen fabric. Cotton and other cellulose fiber fabrics may also be pre-shrunk by a process called sanforset, which combines ammoniating, with the comprehensive shrinkage process of sanforizing.
Inspection and Folding
After sanforizing the fabric is taken to the inspection and folding department. The qualify of the fabric is checked and the fabric is folded according to its packing requirements.
Rejected fabric is classified either B and C grade, depending on the technical defect and length of the fabric.
Packing
After inspection and folding, the fabric is taken to packing department where the folded finished cloth is packed in export, sea worthy bales or rolls. The packing depends upon the requirement of the buyers.
Spinning Department
The spinning plant was setup in year 2003. It is one of the most modern plants in the country. It is confined to producing blended yarns, mostly 30Ne and higher counts. Its annual production is more than 3.2 million kg. The spinning is self sufficient in its electricity needs. The power generation plant is located within the same premises.
Purchase Department
The purchase department is divided into two sections.
• Cotton Purchase Department
• Store Purchase Department
Cotton purchase department
Cotton purchase department is most important department in textile industry. Quality of yarn depends upon cotton that has been purchased. It becomes most important when there is business of export. There is no question of compromise on quality. Because your minor mistake may result in huge losses. Moreover you will loss your credibility. From director to cotton selectors all are involved in cotton purchase process.
• Purchase Process
The following steps are involved in the purchase of raw material i.e. cotton.
Demand of purchase from mill
Purchase Requisition
Sample from different suppliers
Sample Testing Decision-making
Agreement with the Party
Writing delivery order for factory
In Gate pass + D.O + Purchase
invoice + Purchase requisitions
are supplied to accounts department
• Visit of Cotton Selectors
The cotton selectors of Bismillah textile visit the cotton ginning factories. Cotton selectors may visit the factories on their own behalf and some times the cotton factories call them. Their visits are very important because purchase process starts from here.
• Selection of Sample
Samples are selected from huge amounts of cotton. Samples are taken from different suppliers. These samples are then tested. The most suitable sample at lowest price is selected for purchase of cotton.
At there is centralized management system so the director himself takes the decision of selection and purchase of cotton.
Store Purchase Department
The store purchase department is headed by stores in charge. The setup of purchase department is as under:
• Director
• Purchase Officer
• Assistant Purchase Officer
• Purchase Clerk
The store purchase department is responsible for the purchase of items like spare parts of machinery, store and packing material spares, electric items, oil and lubricants, stationery items, building material and general store.
Documents
• Demand Requisition
• Invoice of Purchase
• Delivery Order
• In Gate Pass
Procedure
The following is the procedure for local purchase department.
• The purchase department receives the demand requisition from store in charge at store at mills this is in fact an intention or requirement of commodities at mill.
• The purchase demand requisition contains a full detail of quality and quantity of commodities required. It also contains price detail of goods purchased previously.
• The purchase department on the basis of indent does an inquiry for rate from at least two suppliers from approved suppliers list.
• After inquiry purchase Manager discusses with director for approval of rate and other necessary requirement.
• After the approval the purchase department purchases the items from suppliers and sent them to the mill with three copies of delivery orders.
• In case of no rejection of items store in charge send one copy of delivery order back to the purchase deportment along with one copy of In Gate Pass. Store in charge also keeps a copy of delivery order and in Gate pass for his own record.
• In case of rejection of items store in charge sends all copies of delivery orders with items back to the purchase department.
Import Department
Bismillah has also an import department is responsible to import those items, which are not available in Pakistan. The structure of this department is as under:
Chief Executive
Executive Director
Senior Manager
Assistant
Procedure
Senior Manager is responsible for import of machinery, equipment, spare parts, raw material, etc.
• An indent for import of item after the approval of Chief Executive is sent to import department.
• The senior Manager import selects a subcontractor from approved suppliers list.
• In reply, a quotation from the subcontractor is received. A copy of quotation is sent to concerned department for evaluation and checking of specification.
• The received items are sending to the mills where these are opened. The items are checked against quotation. In case of any damage, the import department is informed immediately. Import department do the necessary arrangements for survey of goods from insurance agencies.
Quality Control
A lab is operated round the clock to control quality. It is considered as brain and the eyes of our process, and is equipped with state-of the art testing and dyeing equipment. To have better control, lab activities are divided into four department:
1. Raw materials quality control
2. In-process quality control
3. Finished product quality assurance
4. Research and development
By means of colors matching instruments, the laboratory also formulate recipes for the dye house in accordance with the customers’ requirements and work out finishing procedures.
Bismillah Textiles maintains the quality system of inspection and testing of the materials at receipt and during all stages of production, dispatch of finished products and ensures that the product confirms specified requirements. Our inspection and testing procedure is established to formalize process of inspection and testing for the raw material, in process and finished goods for quality assurance. Inspection and testing in lab ensures that incoming products are not used or processed until these have been inspected or otherwise verified as conforming to client’s requirements. No products are dispatched until all the activities specified in the quality plan and/or documented procedures have been satisfactorily completed. The company has established and maintained records, which provide the evidence that the products have been inspected and/or tested. We strive to improve our Quality Management System on a continuous basis through continuous internal quality audits, training to our employees, continuous quality council meetings and latest inspection and testing techniques etc. All the matters related to quality assurance are discussed and reviewed by the top management in the quality council meetings.
ISO 9000 Certification
We feel pleasure that by the grace of almighty Allah Bismillah Textile (Pvt) Ltd has received certification under international standard ISO 9001-(Quality Assurance in design, development, production, installation & servicing ) in February 2000 from world recognized certification agency AFAQ ASCERT International(DAR, COFRAC & RVC).
Our scope of certification covers Designing, Processing, Export and Sales of Finished Fabrics and Made Ups. Our registration number is N0 QUAL/2000/13759. Internationally recognized, AFAQ certification is granted only after rigorous analysis of the company quality system, in conformity with the ISO 9000 international standard. Consequently, Bismillah Textiles (Pvt) Ltd, with AFAQ certification, is one of those companies recognized as being the highest performers, those whom customers have most confidence in. This certification is a milestone in our journey towards quality excellence and demonstrates the competence and commitment of our staff in a process guaranteeing complete satisfaction for our customers.
Export Department
Export department plays a vital role in any organization. Bismillah export department is headed by the export manager. The export manager supervises all the marketing and export activities. Export manager is also responsible for the exploration of local and foreign markets. He is also making efforts for the development and the progress of the company.
Objectives
• To increase the export of the Grey Fabric and Yarn.
• To maximize the company profit by increasing exports.
• Exploration of the new markets.
• Market research making the better information system.
• Adopting the new technological a development changes in the field of textile.
• To build the image a credibility of the organization.
• To earn foreign exchange for the progress of the economy of the country.
Functions
Following are the main functions of the export department.
• Export department is responsible for the production planning and the production
follow-up with the mill.
• Customer correspondence as well.
• Export department also follow-up the local sale and purchase of the yarn and the
Gray fabric.
• The important function of the export department is to make shipment schedule
and the planning.
• Visiting to the existing and new customer.
• Providing timely information about the production of the products to the
customers which is also providing a service to its customers and promoting the
company image.
• Improving the quality of the products with a collaboration with the buyer and
the production department.
• Bank documents preparation and the follow-up.
• Preparing the custom documents.
• Dealing with the agents and providing timely information to the parties.
• B/L follow-up with the shipping lines.
• Export updating system is also the responsibility of department.
• Preparing the quality analysis report and sending them to higher authorities.
• Maintaining the complete sale and purchase records.
• Export department is helping in improving the quality and betterment of the
products and the company.
• Providing timely information to the clients is the main service provided by the
Bismillah Textile (Pvt) Ltd export department.
Export Documentation
Export procedure is a very lengthy process. It involves a number of documents required by the importer from the exporter. Bismillah Textile (Pvt) Ltd export department carefully handle all the steps involve in it. Because a little bit of mistake can cause a great loss to the exporter and the importer.
• Indent
• Sales Contract
• Letter of Credit
• Custom Documents
• Packing List
• Bill of Lading
• Bill of Exchange
• Certificate of Origin
• Inspection Certificate
• Form E
• Form M
• Shipping Bill
Description of Export Documentation
Indent
Indent is the first export document which is send by the agents to export department. After the careful analysis of all the terms and conditions such as the quality description the selvedge, shipment date, piece length, piece per unit, the packing and payments terms. It also contains the buyer name and the reference number of buyer or agent.
Sales Contract
The export department after the careful analysis of indent issues the sales contract. As they have the products and condition of the indent, such as the quality, packing, payment terms, commission, shipment date and the price of the product. Issuing sales contract is the confirming the sale of the products to the buyer on the specified price. If there is changing made by the buyer or agent, so the later revised sales contract is issued by the export department. In which they can revised any thing, the shipment schedule, the price and the product specification. Export department handle carefully the steps of that procedure. Also the contract copies are sent to the agent, the buyer, the accounts and the audit department of the BT for their record purpose.
Letter of Credit
Letter of credit is very important documents in the whole export procedure. Because without this the process could not be complete. L/C is a written instruction issued by buyer’s bank, authorizing the export to draw in accordance with the terms and stimulate legal forms that bill will be honored.
In the L/C all the term and the conditions are given by the buyer. What documents he needs. In the L/C there are important things mentioned there.
• The buyer name is there in the L/C.
• The bank of the importer is also mentioned.
• The importer name and address is also given.
• L/C number is mentioned on the top or the L/C.
• Issuing date of the L/C, the expiry date of the L/C, the amount of L/C, the quantity of the products.
• The complete description of the products and the rate.
• The shipment date is also mentioned.
• The port is given there in L/C.
• The shipping line is given, so the exporter only sent the goods on that specific shipping line.
• L/C terms are given, either it is 120 days, 90 days or sight from B/L date.
• On the L/C the rate per unit and the shipment schedule is given on what date the products would be shipped in what quantity.
• Trans shipment or the partial shipment allowed or not is also there in the L/C.
• All the documents such as the invoice, the packing list, the certificate of origin and other inspection certificate are also mentioned as required by the importer.
Custom Documents
The custom documents are very important because it provide the evidence that goods have been transported and it enables the importer to receive the goods from the custom authorities. As the order placed by the importer is ready on the due date, the export department issues the dispatch order to the mill. That the following quality should be dispatched on the containers specified on this L/C. The goods are loaded on the specified containers and they are sent to the Karachi port on the specified line.
BT mostly does its shipment through the shipping companies. The shipping lines charge their freight and other charges are paid the agents as well as for clearance of the goods from the port. The agents handover the documents which involve packing list and invoices to the shipping lines. As the trailer number, the container number E form number, quality and the quantity is completely mentioned on this invoices.
Mode Document Carrier
By sea Bill of lading Shipping lines
By Rail Receipt Railway service
By Road Road way bill Transporter
By Air Air way bill Air lines
Packing List
Packing list is a document which involves all the complete list of the goods packed in the particular shipment. It is very important document. It provides a convenience to the shipping and the clearance authorities.
Features of packing list
• It usually shows the marks a number mentioned on the packages.
• It shows the weight also.
• Each package is marked by a number.
• It shows the contents of each package, what is nature, quality and quantity of the package.
• It provides a linkage with the other documents to reference to the invoice number, date, letter of credit number, date and vessel name.
Bill of Lading
Bill of lading is one of the most important documents in the whole export documents. Because without this the importer cannot receive their goods from the destination port.
BT first of all draft the bill of lading and that is sent to the shipping line. Bill of lading also contains the specifications related to the importer and the exporter. The name of the exporter, place, the importer, the bank, the quantity is mentioned, the quality is mentioned, the quality with all specifications required by that, the total value of the goods which are exported. The date of the bill of lading is mentioned. The shipping line and vessel name is given on B/L. Bill of lading is a comprehensive documents that is issued by the shipping line. The date of shipment is also mentioned on that. Without this the importer can’t clear the goods from the destination. BT export department also very quick in follow up of the B/L because they have to transfer the information to the parties.
Bill of Exchange
It is unconditional order in writing, addressed by a person to another, signed by person giving it, requiring the person to when it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed determinable future date. When the L/C is opened the B/E must be strictly drawn according to the terms and conditions of the creditor may be drown on the request of the applicant or on the bank request through which the credit is opened. B/E is also a important document of export.
Certificate of Origin
Certificate of origin shows that the good which are being exported are originate from a country form which importer is allowed. These are required by the authorities in the importing countries. In order to satisfy and support a claim for the import duty.
The certificate of origin may also be made by the consultants of the importing country in the form of consoler invoice or legalize the exporter’s commercial invoice. When explorer called for L/C, of is with the other documents by reference to the invoice number, L/C number and by quoting shipping marks and number in order to identify the goods.
Inspection Certificate
Certificate of inspection is also a important document, it is in those consignments where the importer wants to assure himself, about the shipment of the correct goods, in terms of the quality, description quantity and size. The documents should specifically identify to the goods by having a reference to the marks and numbers of the package and linkage to the other documents by reference to invoice number, the letter of credit number, the vessel name and the shipping line.
Form-E
Form-E is a document issued by the exporter bank. Through form-E the SBP controls the overall exports of the country. The form-E declares that the export information given on the form-E are correct and will submit the duplicate and triplicate copy of this form to authorized bank.
Form-E contains the following important information’s.
• Description of the goods, the quality of the goods exported.
• The quantity of the goods.
• The terms of the L/C.
• Destination of the goods.
• The consignee bank. The importer bank name through countries the payment would be released.
• The invoice value of the goods in the exported.
• The port form where the good are shipped.
• The place form where good are cleared.
• Date of the form-E is also on this form.
Form-M
It is also an important. It is used to play the commission to the agents. BT receive this form the agents. On this the amount of the commission is mentioned against invoices.
Shipping Bill
The customer clearing agents issue the shipping bill. It contains the complete information about the export bank the importer name, the exporter name, the weight of the goods, (Net and gross weight), number of packages, amount in US$, quality of the goods, the container number, the exchange rate and rupee amount.
Administration Department
This is very important department of the organization as the name shows; this department has to administrate all the operations of the organization. This is handed over to the A.M (Admin. Manager) of the company who is retired Army officer. Section of this department are divided into offices as under:
• Labor Office
• Security Guard Office
• Gate Office
• Time Office
Labor Office
As required by the labor department of the Govt. of Pakistan, this office has been setup to deal with all the matters that are related with labor. The department is under the labor officer. He is responsible to resolve all the disputes, conflicts, misunderstanding and any other kind of matter which may arise from time to time with the labor and the immediate supervisor or with any other person in the organization. It is the duty of the labor officer to inform the legal requirements concerning the labor and company affairs as well as any changes in the labor laws.
It is also the duty of the labor officer to satisfy itself regarding payment of bonus, gratuity, and the other benefits to labor and to keep their morale and motivational level high. It is also a requirement to be a successful labor office that he should keep his knowledge up to date regarding the rules and regulations of the labor department.
Security Guard Office
The main objective of the security office is to safe handling of the goods from / to the mill premises. For the achievement of such objective a team of security guards has been employed by the company. All the keys relating the mill office, labor colony, (quarters) are lying into the responsibility of the security officer.
• No outside visitor can enter in the mills premises without the permission of the Admin Manager.
• Whenever any visitor wants to enter into the mill, security guard firstly contact with the authority in the mill to grant the permission to enter into the mill’s premises.
• Security guards can check each and every person before coming in or going out of the company gate for the security purposes.
• They see and check the outward going pass of the certain things when these going to out of the mills premises.
• They are the guardians of the every thing of the company.
Gate Office
This office has been made to keep the record of each and every thing coming into and going out of the mills gate.
For this purpose gate office clerk maintains two types of register called;
1. Outward going pass register
2. Inward going pass register
When every thing including raw material, stores supplies, or any other thing comes into the mills premises a document named as I.G.P is made in which information like date of supplier, description, quantity of the material and any other remarks are written. In the same way O.G.P is prepared for out going things etc and they made a summery on daily basis and fax to Head Office.
Time Office
• This office keeps and maintains the time record of all the workers on incoming time cards and pay register for the final preparation of the workers salaries.
• It keeps the attendance records, which is then used to calculate the salary to be paid to the workers on monthly basis.
• It keeps the records of the over time single as well as double, leaves, number of days worked of all the workers and than calculate their over time on the basis of the gross salary of each worker.
• It keeps the records of Social Security and Education Cess etc of each employee / worker payable to government treasury.
• It keeps the records of Gratuity, Bonus, Pensions and other benefits including CPL (Cash Paid Leave) to each employee / worker of the organization.
Core Competencies
The core competencies of the firm includes
• Technology
• Work Force
• Facility
• Market Experience
According to management one of the factor, on the basis of which they are competing in the market is the technology of there product.
The next important thing is the work force according to management; our employees have been the backbone of the company. They deserve to be given the right condition and right environment for them to grow and prosper. Throughout the history of the company, management has prided themselves in its excellent relationship with its employees. This bond has been recognized as one of the most important ingredient of our recipe for success.
Facility of the firm is also one of the core competencies of the firm. The firm is located at Faisalabad, 1km Jaranwala Road, Khurnanwala, Faisalabad, Pakistan where it can easily approaches to customer and supplier. Similarly the market experience is an other core competency.
Marketing Mix
Marketing mix is the set of marketing tool that the firm uses to get its marketing objective in the target market.
4P’s
1. Product
2. Price
3. Place
4. Promotion
Product
The company is committed to produce and achieve excellence in high quality products. The products range is extensive and include all sort of curtains, kid’s bedding, fashion bedding, traditional bedding, basic bedding and kitchen articles. As a fully integrated textile manufactures, the company’s products range is extensive. It includes various types of fabrications and blends, such as 100% cotton, cotton lycra, cotton polyester, cotton silk, etc.
The focus is to make differentiated products by using different types of fabrics, such as solids, dobbies jacquards, etc, and creative styling in the make-up to give high value for money.
Price
Pricing is an important element in the marketing process for any company. The price policy of company must be in such a way that it should produce a reasonable profit, for the company and should satisfy the customer. Following two factors are very important.
• Fixed Cost
• Variable Cost
Fixed Cost
Fixed cost is the cost which remains always same in total whether produce large quantity or small quantity. Fixed cost per unit rises as the quantity produced decreases and vice versa. Some companies always try to use their full capacity of production because with increase in production the fixed cost decrease. Following are some important factors of fixed cost. Some examples are:
• Salaries & wages
• Rent
• Local Taxes
• Fixed cost in value, the cost related to the machinery.
• Building cost
• Electricity change
• Insurance expenses
• Plant cost
Variable Cost
Variable cost changes in total with the change in quantity produced. It increases as the level of activity increases. Per unit variable cost remains same whether to produce large or small quantity. Some examples are:
• Material Cost
• Factory Overhead
• Part time Workers
• Transportation Charges
• Miscellaneous
Fixed cost + Variable cost + Desired profit = Total cost
Pricing Objectives
The obvious pricing objectives of Bismillah Textile are,
• Maximization of profit
• To achieve the target return and targeted sales
• Maintain the market share
Pricing Strategies
BT adopts following strategies in case of pricing fixing:
• Direct Selling
• Agent Selling
Direct Selling
If company sells directly then price components will be as follows:
Fixed cost + Variable cost + Desired profit
Agent Selling
If company sells to the customer through agent then fix price in this way:
Fixed cost + Variable cost + Desired profit + Middleman’s commission
The profit margin depends upon the quality and condition of the market. If the market will new obviously price level will be low to attract the customer and complete with the existing competitor.
Pricing Procedure In Local Market
BT sells locally only extra quantity left from the foreign order. They call tender when they want to sell the production in the local market. They sell to those persons whose tender price will be high. Some times, BT sells its product itself, when some extra quantity is left from foreign order, they sell at suitable cost.
Pricing Procedure For Export
Pricing procedure for export is different from the local procedure they charging the price in foreign factors before charging the price in foreign market. When any customer wants to purchase the products, after negotiation they fix the price. Some important factors are inland freight, sea freight, clearing charges, etc.
Place / Distribution
BT export more then 90 % or its product. So, they are using two types of distribution channels in export.
• Direct Channel
• Indirect Channel
Direct channel
BT is also dealing directly with the customers. As in the local market and the foreign, the buyers direct contact with the BT. So the export department fulfill their orders by the transformers. The transporter help in delivering the products. The transporter are helping a lot in progressing the textile industry. The comely delivery to the buyer is the greatest service to the customer, timely delivery is important for the success and development of the organization.
Indirect channel
BT to agent & to customer. In the export of textile products, the agents are the back bone of textile industry. They receive order on the behalf of buyer, give to the seller. They receive their commission from the buyer and the seller.
• The agents also purchase the products; sell them directly to other buyers. So in this trading they earn enough profit.
• There has been a large number of agents which are working for their organization in foreign countries as well as in this country.
• Mostly the export business is through these agents. The agents have been successful due to credibility and honesty of their work.
• BT mostly receives orders through agents.
• BT pays commission to them.
• Mainly the responsibilities lie on the agents in case of delayed shipments, payment problems and the quality problems.
• As most of the product of Bismillah are exported. So, they use different modes of transportation to transfer the product from Bismillah to customer’s country. Mostly Bismillah export its products through ship. They are other modes of transportation also being used
• Trucking
• Shipping
• Air Lines
Promotion
BT promotes its products, but to a limited extent.
• BT provides the company broachers to the buyers.
• BT provides the samples of the grey fabric. The yarn to the customers.
• BT has a direct contact with the local and the foreign agents, so they also promote the company products.
• Visits to the customers.
• BT marketing manager also visits its customers.
• Their high quality of the products on the fine count the grey cloth is also promoting the company and establishing image and goodwill.
• BT provides the timely information to the customers which help in promoting.
Pest
Analysis
Political
• The government taxes and the procedures about the taxes collection also have impact on the textile sector.
• Govt. rules & regulation about the textile sectors they also influence on the small and the large textile industries.
• Duty drew back is also an other, which is important.
• Export policies and the quota policies play a vital role in developing the future of the textile mill.
• Custom rules & regulation are major factors in importing the machinery and exporting the products.
• The export surcharges also have the impact on the competitiveness of the organization.
• The discontinuity in the policies have the negative impact on BT.
Economic
• Growth rate of the country is also important for the progressive textile industry.
• Inflation rate shows the level of prices. The high rate of inflation level leading towards the lower profit margin.
• Macro economy will also keep in improving the industry growth.
• Foreign investment is also boosting the economy.
• Govt. rules & regulation also have a influence in the textile industry.
• The fiscal balance also have impact. It is reducing so the interest rate is also decreasing.
• Balance of payment is also improving it is a positive indicator for the development of textile sector.
• Govt. incentives to the export of textile products also play vital role.
• The rupee increasing so we are getting more foreign exchange.
Social
• Social unrest and disorder is also influencing.
• Workforce attitude is positive which is improving the growth and development of BT.
• The culture and the social norms.
Technological
• Technological developments in the machinery and parts have a great impact.
• Internet access is other. It is improving the efficiency & the time is reducing. It is a great facility to the exporters.
• Computer aided designs are also improve the overall productivity and the efficiency. It has reduced the time cost as well.
• Customers quick access to the information due to the fast communication channels.
• The new technological developments such as e-commerce, e-banking and information technology are improving the efficiency and productivity.
SWOT
Analysis
Strengths
• Imported machinery.
• Strong market image.
• Awareness of product.
• Strong industrial group.
• Good know how about the textile business. This is improving the progress of the company.
• Cheap labour is available to BT which is reducing the per unit cost.
• The products are at compatible prices.
• Cotton is also available at cheaper rates.
• It has its own spinning unit and the weaving unit also. Which is reducing the cost of production.
• BT has well qualified staff.
• BT has a high financial resources. So they can invest in other textile related products.
• BT has its better market information system.
• BT has good relations with local and foreign buyers.
Weakness
• De motivated staff.
• Centralized decision making.
• Centralized control.
• Lack of HR resources development.
• Delivery time is more due to this the shipment are delayed.
• Lack of promotional activities. BT should do the more effort in promotion.
• Non-professional attitude. This is decreasing efficiency.
Opportunities
• Potential in the market.
• Govt. is also providing lot of incentives to the exporters.
• The decreasing interest rates on the loans.
• BT has opportunity to explore new international and growth oriented markets for the exports of fabric.
• BT can play the role of agent. So they can save the commission which is paid to the agents.
• BT can better the marketing techniques.
• The company should import the latest technology to decrease the per unit cost of the production.
• The company should make efforts to improve the technical skills of the labour and the employees which will improve the overall efficiency and productivity of the organization.
Threats
• The unreliable agriculture sector.
• Govt. strict policies about the textile sector.
• Political instability is also a major threat.
• The BT will face tough competition in domestic and international markets.
• WTO regime will be a great threat.
• China, Thailand and Indonesia are the emerging giants in textile.
• BT has a threat from the domestic and the international competitors.
• New entrants.
• Increasing the cost of production.
• Price fluctuations.
• Devaluation of US $.
Observation and Suggestions
As the textile industry is in crisis but Bismillah Textile Mill limited is performing very well in such difficult economic conditions. The avenues are always open for further improvements. I hope that the suggestions given by me that will not only benefit to the management for getting business but the workers will also efficient in performing their duties:
• There is centralization of authorities. The Chief Executive and the working Directors take all the decisions. The authority should be decentralized, because delegation of authority creates responsibility. If the management will delegate some authority to employees then employees will feel themselves responsibility and they would work with zeal.
• I would like to recommend that management should develop some policies for the promotion of efficient workers. As there is no any policy for the promotion of the workers, so it creates unrest among the workers.
• There is need for refresher courses for the managerial level employees. If the owners would make arrangements to provide training to the employees then they would work efficiently. By doing so the productivity of employees would be improve.
• The culture of the organization should be developed as according to the well-established organization.
• The control of the top management should be very strict over the employees so those employees will take responsibility for their assign job.
• Proper training should given to new employees as well as the existing employees for the improving of their efficiency and productivity.
• There is no any procedure for evaluation the performance of employees and hence there are no extra benefits to the efficient employees. The worker must do work more efficiently when there would some kind of prize would be given to them, the prize must be as the “employees of the day, month, or years”.
• There is flat rate of increment for all the employees. This flat rate is also minimal. This is breading discontent among the employees. The increment should also be given on the basis of performance and efficiency.
• There is lack of staff members in the office, so there is need for the appointments of new employees to diversify the load of work from the existing employees.
Markets of Bismillah Textile Pvt (Ltd)
United State 72.0%
Canada 14.42%
Argentina 3.00%
Brazile 1.15%
Chile 2.77%
Equador 0.11%
Peru 0.31%
Belgium 2.25%
Finland 1.08%
Italy 8.0%
Sweden 2.28%
United Kingdom 7.0%
Australia 0.24%
New Zealand 0.02%
U.A.E 2.0%
“The most valuable asset of a 21st century institution, whether business or
non-business, will be its knowledge, workers and their productivity.”
(Drucker)
Business environment are becoming more and more complex
with the passage of time. To understand and deal with such riddle
phenomena, one needs a lot of energy and knowledge. Therefore,
business education has become an evolving science, which helps
to solve the business problems. Academics education provides
general knowledge about business decisions policies.
As a part of M.B.E ( Master In Business Economics ), provides
the opportunity to use thinking. It enables us to evaluate and
understand the application of all the terms and techniques that we have
studied during our course work.
I was assigned to complete my internship report on
BISMILLAH TEZTILE MILLS Ltd. I have tried my level best to
explain each significant aspect of the company comprehensively.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topic
• Global History of Textile
• Overview of Textile Industry In Pakistan
• Introduction
• Organizational Chart
• Mission Statement
• The Motto
• Target Corporation
• Weaving Department
• Weaving
• Type of Weave
• Weaving Machines
• Weaving Process Flow Chart
• Description of Weaving Process Flow
• Processing Department
• Woven Gray Fabric Processing
• Woven Fabric Process Flow Chart
• Description of Woven Fabric Process Flow
• Spinning Department
• Purchase Department
• Import Department
• Quality Control
• Export Department
• Export Documentation
• Administration Department
• Core Competencies
• Marketing Mix
• Pest Analysis
• Swot Analysis
• Observation and Suggestions
• Our Markets
• Graphs
Global History of Textile
Textile shields our bodies and brings comfort to our homes. Textile products thus cater to a basic human need, they are among the most important goods fabricated and traded by mankind and have thus played a central role in history. It is no wonder that historians have paid a lot of attention to spinning and weaving, the basic process in producing textile. Not only have numerous regional and national studies on developments in the textile producing and trading sectors been published, but textile has also been in the centre of several crucial debates. Theories on (proto-) industrialization, technological and business history, and the gendered division of labour, for instance, have often taken the textile industry as an important point of reference. This project aims to take stock of the work done on textile workers all over the world, to compare their history internationally and over a long stretch of time. In doing this, we want to focus on wool and cotton production. Many natural and artificial fibers have been spun into yarn and woven to cloth over the past centuries, but wool and cotton have been important fibers, considering global production over the entire period from 1650 until recent times. This period has been chosen to be able to show processes of industrialization and de-industrialization in the world. In the pre- industrial phase, market production of textile mostly took place on farms by part of the rural population and in urban workshops by artisans. In some regions, weavers and entrepreneurs sought for cheaper ways of organizing market production, by employing other weavers and spinners in the countryside for wages to produce for them. The specific nature of this ‘proto- industrialization’ was debated especially in relation to textile production. In search of cheaper cloth production, technical improvements were made to enlarge spinning and weaving production from the 1760s onwards. Cotton and wool among the first raw materials to be processed industrially after the introduction of new machinery. The ‘industrial revolution’ created immensely wealthy textile employers and condemned the actual producers to work in more efficient factories. The living conditions of textile workers and their efforts to improve their situation have largely characterized the debates in social and economic history on the consequences of industrialization.
Specific stages of textile production, whether in domestic, artisan or factory industry, were almost invariably divided between men and women. In some cases spinning was performed exclusively by women, in other cases by men. Certain kinds of products were only made by one, others by the other sex. Sometimes specific machines were only operated by one sex. Usually female workers (and children of both saxes) earned for less than men, even in performing exactly the same tasks. These and other aspects of the gendered nature of textile production can only be sufficiently explained by a through historical analysis, which compares these mechanisms in different parts of the world, throughout time. Textile early became a global product. Wool and cotton were cultivated in one place, transported to centre where yarn cloth were produce, and the (partly) finished products were again moved to places all over the world, where they were sold for future refinement or usage. Both with in and between countries different technologies, even un-mechanized and mechanized production, often co-existed for remarkably long periods for a variety of reasons. Trade relations and political hegemony greatly influenced the decision about what processes could be performed most profitably in which place. Metropolitan authorities often prevented their colonies from protecting their local textile industries. With the process of de-colonization, however, the lower wage rates in the ex-colonies served very well to compete with the former colonial powers. Consequently, the textile industries in the economic core regions of the world dramatically declined after 1950. Notwithstanding this reversal of roles, long commodity chains in textile goods, linking all parts of the world, remained typical.
Overview of Textile Industry in Pakistan
The cotton textile industry represents the very pluses of the country’s economic activity. The industry, apart from catering with the basic need of clothing, has been earning substational exchange through export.
At the time of independence in 1947 there were only 3,000 looms installed in the mills sector. Now the installed looms are around 16,000 in the mills sector and 300,000 in power looms sector. The cloth processing facilities have also been increased with the increase in production of cloth. Textile industry is the dominant manufacturing sector in Pakistan. It is based on locally available raw cotton, employ 40% of total industrial labour force and contributes 27% of industrial value addition with 60% share in total export of the country. The sector’s weight in country’s industrial production is 18% and approximately 30% of value addition in manufacturing during the eight five year plan. Pakistan is the world’s largest exporter of yarn. Textile production comprises of cotton, cotton yarn, cotton fabric, fabric processing (Gray-dyed-printed), home textile, towels, hosiery & knitwear and readymade garments.
Introduction
Bismillah is a vertical textile mill in Pakistan, primarily focused on home textile. It started its business in1989 as a commercial exporter. It than expanded into exporting printed fabrics mainly to the US market. In 1995, the company decided to setup its own printing and dying mill. Its first year annual sale was less than one million dollars, today its sales are in excess of 35 million dollars. Bismillah has several manufacturing units located in different of the city of Faisalabad. Faisalabad is the third largest city of Pakistan and is known as the Manchester of Pakistan because of its textile industry. Later on, the company added cut’s sew, weaving, spinning and yarn dyeing into its operation. Today, the company enjoys a unique position in Pakistan textile industry. It is not only one of the top mills in terms of capacities but a leader in high value added products.
Faisalabad yarn market is Asia’s largest yarn market. It is located in the heart of Faisalabad, near Clock Tower. Bismillah’s purchase office is located in this market. Yarn and greige fabric purchase are made in this office. The chairman of Bismillah, Abdul Majeed Sheikh, with his vast experience and most credible reputation, he makes sure that the company’s needs of yarn and grey fabrics are met in a professional and most effective manner. The drive and commitment to be the leader in this industry continues. The company has recently setup a very high-tech cut’s sew plant, Which has doubled its capacities of finished products.
Organizational
Chart
Names And Designation Of The Top Level Management
CHAIRMAN
Sheikh Haji Abdul Majeed
CHIEF EXECUTIVE
Abdul Hafeez Pasha
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR WEAVING, ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE
M. Uzair Anwer
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR CMT, PRODUCTION AND PACKING
Shafqat Ali
QUALITY MANAGER
Kashif Bhatti
Mission Statement
The purpose of existence of the company is its customer. Hence, it endeavors to give value for money by way of merchandise of commensurate and acceptable quality. Vendors to the company are carefully selected on basis of parameters of quality, reliability and price, and are considered as essential partners in the company’s pursuit of excellence.
The company requires its vendors to company with national laws and regulation, and with international convention concerning the protection of the environment working conditions and child labour.
The Motto
To achieve highest quality in the most efficient way by employing the skilled workforce and latest technology without compromising on our commitment to safe environment.
Target Corporation
Standards of vendor engagement target corporation and its affiliated companies, conducts its business in an ethical manner. We are concern about human rights. We expect our business partners to share our ethical concerns. We use the following standards in selecting our business partner and expect compliance with these standards by our business partner, including all manufactures, contractors, subcontractors and suppliers utilized in the manufacture and finishing of product that are ordered by target corporation or any of its affiliated companies.
• Safe and healthy workplace
• No forced or compulsory labour
• Fair disciplinary practices
• No discrimination
• Reasonable working hours and overtime
• Fair wages
• No child labour
• Country of origin
Weaving Department
The two weaving plants are located adjacent to the processing mill at Khurianwala. There are 164 air jet and rapier looms. All of these looms are wide width, 110” and 134”.The looms are quite diverse in their operations from producing plain weave fabrics to six colour Jacquard fabrics.
Weaving
Weaving is a process by which yarn is woven into fabric. In weaving process, lengthwise yarns are called warp (ends) yarns, whereas, the crosswise yarns are called weft (picks) yarns.
Fabric Construction
In the weaving process, there is always a fixed relation between the ends, picks and width of the fabrics with the yarn used in warp and weft. The number of warp yarn threads required in one inch of fabric are called ends/inch and the number of weft (filling) yarn in an inch of fabric are also called picks/inch. This relation indicates the construction of the woven fabric. The construction having large number of ends and picks is called a heavy construction and a construction having less number of ends and picks is called light constructed fabric.
The construction of a fabric is described as follows:
For example 20*20/108*58 = 63” 1/1, tucked in salvage
This will be read as:
Count of warp yarn (20) * Count of weft yarn (20) / No of ends per inch (108) * No of picks per inch (58) = Width of fabric (63”), type of weave (1/1) & tucked in salvage.
Type of Weave
There are three main basic weaves in use for the majority of fabric.
• Plain Weave
• Twill Weave
• Satin Weave
Plain Weave = 1/1 * 0
0 *
It is the simplest type of construction. On the loom, the plain weave requires only two harnesses. Each filling yarn goes alternately under and over the warp yarns across the width of the fabric. If the yarns are closer together, the plain weave will have higher count.
Twill Weave = 2/1 , 3/1 * * 0 * * * 0
* 0 * * * 0 *
0 * * , * 0 * *
0 * * *
A distinct design in the form of diagonals is characteristic of the second basic weave called the twill. The twill is frequently more tightly woven. Uneven four-shaft twill for example that has one warp yarn riding over three filling yarns is referred to as three up and one down, or 3/1. Staple yarn is usually left-hand twill. Wool type fabrics are usually right hand twills.
Satin Weave = 4/1 * * * * 0
* * * 0 *
* * 0 * *
* 0 * * *
0 * * * *
In basic construction the satin weave is similar to the twill weave but generally uses from five to as many as twelve harnesses producing a five to twelve-shaft construction. It differs in appearance from the twill weave, because of diagonal of satin weave is not visible.
Weaving Machines
There are many kinds of weaving machines-looms in use today and the basic difference in all of them is the technology applied for weft yarn insertion. Following are the main weaving machine that are used in Bismillah.
Machines No of Looms
• Jacquard Looms (Rs 10,000,000 each) 14
(The machine name is Dornier, These
machine have computerize system &
make all type of design and made by
German)
• Pat Machine 280cm (Rs 500,000 each) 56
(These machine have make a simple
design & made by Japan)
• Pat Machine 330cm (Rs 500,000 each) 24
(These machine have make a satin
design & made by Japan)
• Dobby Looms (Rs 6,000,000 each) 24
(The machine name is Zax Navy, these
have make a dobby design & made by
Japan)
• Zax Machine 340cm (Rs 6,000,000 each) 12
(These also make a dobby design and made
by Japan)
• Zax Machine 280cm (Rs 6,000,000 each) 12
(These also make a dobby design & made
by Japan)
Total Machine-Looms 142
Weaving Process Flow Chart
The flow chart shows the basic flow of processes, which is required for weaving.
Warping
Sizing
Drawing in Knotting
Weaving
Inspection / Grading
Folding
Packing
Description of Weaving Process Flow
Warping
Warping is the process in which yarn from several hundred cones is wound on a beam. The yarn cones are placed on a rack called creel. From this creel, the yarn are wound on a warp beam, which is similar to a huge spool. An uninterrupted length of hundreds of warp yarn results all lying parallel to one another. Different types of looms require different lengths and density of yarn for the weaving. Normally 650 kg yarn can be wounded on the beam.
Sizing
The surface of gray yarn is hairy and during the weaving process, yarn is subject to friction. In order to have better weave, efficiency and less breakage (wastage), the surface of yarn is to be smoothened and the effects of friction are to minimized. This is done through the sizing process. The purpose of sizing is to apply a protective film to the body of yarn in order to enable it to withstand the various stress and strains, by which it is subjected to process of weaving and enhancing its strength and elasticity. Yarn is coated with maize starch, PVA (poly vinyl acetate) or water-soluble polymers to prevent it from chafing or breaking during the weaving process.
Calculation of creel beams required for warping 20*20/108*58 = 98” fabric construction
Total ends = (No of ends * Width) + Selvedge ends
= (108*98) + 10 selvedge ends = 10,594 ends
Creel capacity = 672 (Maximum creel capacity of warping machine)
No of beams required = Total ends / creel capacity = 10,594 / 672 = 15.75 or 16
Beams, so one set for sizing consist of 16 beams i.e.16 beams are to be sized for making one-warp beams for feeding on the loom.
Drawing in
Purpose of the drawing in process is to prepare yarn for weaving on looms. Ends of the yarn are passed through the eyes of the healed. The process of drawing warp threads through healed and reeds is known as “drawing”.
Knotting
When the yarn on warp beam mounted on the loom comes towards an end, and more similar variety is to be produced, the yarn from the old beam is knotted with a new beam, either manually or with the knotting machine mounted on looms, in this case drawing-in does not have to be performed and time involved in drawing in process is eliminated.
Weaving
The sized and drawn in beam is mounted on the loom at one end and the warp yarns are conveyed to a cylinder called the cloth roll at the other end, between the eyes of healed and reed dents. In order to weave fabric, two separate yarns are used i.e. warp yarn and weft yarn. Warp yarn are generally stronger yarns with more twist per inch and weft yarn are comparatively softer yarn with lesser twist per inch. In shuttle less weaving, however, this practice has been eliminated and similar yarns are used for warp and weft to ensure quality and uniformity of the finished fabric.
Inspection and Grading
The woven fabric on the beams from the looms is taken to the inspection department for inspection and grading. The fabric inspected by trained staff on the machines. The fabric is graded as “A” ”B” and “C’, depending on the fabric faults. There are two fabric grading systems viz, Japanese and American. Brief description of two systems is given below:
• Japanese System
In this system, if the total faults per 100 running yards (length and width including), are up to 80 points, the fabric is called “A” grade.
• American System
In this system, if the total faults per 100 running yards are up to 25 points, then the fabric is called “A” grade,
The points are calculated as follows:
Japanese American
A) One major fault 10 points 4 points
B) Half width fault 5 points 3 points
C) Below half width more than 6 inches 3 points 2 points
D) Below 6 inches width 1 points 1 points
The rejected fabric having minimum piece length of 40 yards or above is called “B” grade and if the piece length of the rejected fabric is from 9 to 39 yards, it is called “C” grade. If the piece length of fabric is below 9 yards it is called “rags”.
Major cloth faults may be due to warp or weft yarn poor quality, improper maintenance of loom, poor quality of auxiliary devices and carelessness on part of weaver.
Major Fabric Fault
• Warp Marks
Longitude strips along warp may cause missing of one or several warp ends.
• Miss picks or set marks
Strips over full and partial width of cloth, improper working of weft fillers, improper loom stoppage, negligence of weaver.
• Difference in warp yarn and weft yarn density
Thick and thin places, improper working of let off motion or fabric takes up motion, faulty operation of fork, weft filler, improper loom stoppage, etc.
• Irregular pick
Variation in weft count, irregular operation of take up and let off motion.
• Bad selvedge
Slackening of selvedge ends, improper winding of fabric edges on cloth’s roll, improper winding of warp on weavers beam.
• Over shoots and fluffing
It is formed by weft yarn, which fail to inter lace with warp and accumulation of fluff on weft yarn.
• Oil stains and dirt on cloth
Careless oiling of looms, dirty hands of weavers, and condition in the shed.
Major Yarn Fault
• Thick and thin yarn
Thick and thin yarn will effect, the warping and sizing. In warping the yarn is mounted on the warp beams at a certain tension and due to the thin places, the yarn will break frequently. In sizing, the thin and thick yarn will absorb the sizing material in different percentages and the sized beams will effect efficiency of looms.
• Shade variation and count variation
Yarn prepared from cotton having low staple length will create excessive breakage during warping and sizing.
• Low staple yarn
Yarn prepared from cotton having low staple length will create excessive breakage during warping and sizing.
• Fluffy yarn
Yarn having fluff on it will create harshness on the woven fabric and it will be difficult to dye
Folding
The inspection department, send the fabric length to folding department in which all the fabric is folded as per the type of fabric lengths and grades.
Packing
After folding, the fabric is shifted to packing department and the packing department will pack cloth as per its requirement. For exports the fabric is packed in export’s sea worthy rolls and bales. The bale packing is from 500 yards to 1000 yards or as per buyer’s requirement. Some buyers require fabric in roll packing because it is easy for them to put on the dyeing/finishing machines.
Processing Department
The company has continuously invested on hi-technological automated system as well as modern instruments and equipment. The equipment installed at processing plant has been sourced from world-renowned manufacturers, thereby enabling Bismillah to produce products conforming to international quality standards. It is strongly anticipated that our investments will be endless owing to the fact that we are living in an era of dynamic and unceasing technological innovation currently the processing plant is designed for a production of 3 million meters of printed and 1.5 million meters of dyed fabrics. The production of dyed cloth is going to increase to 2 million meters as of January 2005.
Printing includes pigment, reactive and vat printing with direct, discharge and resist methods, and continuous dying on pad-dry-thermosol and pad-dry-steam. It specializes in several finishes, e.g. oil and water repellant, anti microbial (anti bacterial, anti static, anti fungal, anti moth etc.), anti static, uv protective, flame retardant, down proof, crease resistance and wrinkle free, chintz, and special silicone (hydrophobic and hydrophilic).
Woven Gray Fabric Processing
Gray fabrics must be cleaned before they can be put into the finishing process. It contains sizing material and may also contains oils, other additives and dirt. Complete removal is necessary in order to finish, dye, and/or print the fabric effectively. The method of cleaning depends upon the fiber in the fabric, the kind of impurities present, and the construction of the fabric. Finishing and processing is categorized in several ways. Those concerned with textile processing may classify them as wet and dry finishes, respectively. Gray fabric processing and finishing can be categorized into three major classes.
• White Bleach
• Dyed
• Printed
The designers, merchandisers, sales personal, and others are concerned with end product.
White Bleach
If the cloth is to be finished white or is to be given surface ornamentation, all natural color must be removed by bleaching. This is also necessary if discoloration stains have occurred during the previous manufacturing process. Bleaching can be done in the yarn stage as well as in the constructed fabric.
Dyeing
Dyeing and printing differ in the method by which color is applied to fabric. In the dyeing process, fiber, yarn, or fabric is impregnated with a dyestuff. To select the proper dye for a fabric, it is necessary to know which dyes have an affinity for the vegetable, animal, or man made fibers.
Printing
In printing, a pattern or a design is generally imprinted on the fabric in one or more colors by using dyes in paste from or some related means. One from of applying colors decoration to a fabric after it has otherwise been finished is called printing. There are three basic approaches to printing a color on a fabric: direct, discharge, and resist.
Woven Fabric Process Flow Chart
The flow chart shows the basic flow of processes, which is required for processing.
Singing and De-sizing
Batching
Bleaching
Scouring
Mercerizing
Tentering
Dyeing
Printing
Tenering/Finishing
Glazing
Embossing
Wash and Wear Finish
Calendaring
Sunforizing
Inspection and Folding
Packing
Description of Woven Fabric Process Flow
Singeing and De-sizing
In order to remove the extra fibers from yarn used in cotton or cotton blended fabric weaving, and to have a smooth finish; singeing is one of the first essential preparatory processes. Singeing is necessary in order to eliminate the pilling effect on fabric, which may occur due to extra fiber on the yarn surface. Spun rayon fabrics are also frequently singed. But wool and silk fiber ands would melt resulting in balls on the surface of the fabric. Singeing is accomplished by passing the gray fabric rapidly over gas flames, usually two burners to a side.
After the cotton cloth leaves the burners, for de-sizing (removing the sizing material), it is pulled through a solution of an enzyme to digest the starch with which the fabric is composed.
Batching
After applying the de-sizing agents, the fabric is rolled on and is constantly rotated, with polythene cover outside, in order to keep it wet from all sides. This is done to have chemical reaction of the enzymes with sizing material (for breaking the sizing material). PC fabric is kept in batching for 4 to 8 hours and the cotton fabric is kept for 8 to 16 hours.
Bleaching
Bleaching makes the cloth ready for printing. The fabric undergoes three washes. First two washes are with the boiling water and the third is with a 60-degree hot water. Bleaching can be done in the yarn stage as well as in the constructed fabric. The kind of chemicals to be used depends upon the kind of textile fiber of which the fabric is composed.
Scouring
Scouring is a process, in which the fabrics are given special washes to increase their dye up take. The chemical react with the cellulose of the fabric. In this process the fabric is passed through chemical of scouring agent and the wetting agent. These chemicals allow the fiber to swallow and the dye up take will increase. Scouring is done primarily for the fabric dyeing.
Mercerizing
Mercerizing is an important preparatory process for cotton fabrics. Mercerizing causes the flat, twisted, ribbon like cotton fiber to swell into a round shape and to contract in length. The fiber becomes much more lustrous than the original fiber, and its strength is increased by as much as 20 percent. Its affinity for direct, vat and reactive dyes is much greater. The process consist of passing the fabric through a cold 15 to 20 percent solution of caustic soda. It is then stretched out on a tender frame where hot water sprays remove most of the caustic. A special washer at the end of the tenter removes the balance of the alkali. The process is continuous.
Tentering
This process is applied at various stages of finishing. Usually a fabric is wet when it is run into a tenter; drying and evening of the fabric width are the primary purposes of tentering. The tenter frame consist of two endless chains carried in rugged rails with clips or pins, which grip the selvage of the fabric and carry into the heated housing where a blast of hot air removes any moisture. The tentering process is to keep the warp and weft yarns straightened and give crease resistance to the fabric. It is an end process for white bleached fabric. Printed and dyed fabric has to pass through the stander first the bleaching/scouring and second after printing and dyeing.
Dyeing
In the dyeing process, fiber, yarn, or fabric is impregnated with a dyestuff. To select the proper dye for a fiber, it is necessary to know which dyes have an affinity for the vegetable, animal, or man made fibers. There are several types of dyeing machines devised for different kinds of fabric with different kinds of raw material. When a dye colors fabric directly with one operation of impregnation, without the aid of an affixing agent, the dye is called direct dye.
Following are the main dyeing methods:
• Stock dyeing: The process of dyeing is done in the fiber stage.
• Yarn dyeing: The process is done after the fiber has been spun into yarn.
• Piece dyeing: The dyeing is done on the fabric.
• Garment dyeing: It is done after certain kinds of apparel are knitted.
Printing
In the process of printing a pattern or a design is generally imprinted on the dyed or bleached fabric in one or more colors by using dyes in paste from or some related means.
Tenering/Finishing
When the fabrics is bleached, dyed, or printed, it is again processed through stentering machine for required finish. It is the same process as it is already explained in the tentering process. Usually the fabric is wet when it is run into a tenter; drying and evening of the fabrics width are the primary purposes of tentering.
There are following major finishing treatment in use.
• Temporary stiffening
Cotton and linen can be given stiffness, smoothness, weight and strength by immersion in a solution of starch. This process is commonly known as starching. A small amount of starch in consumer’s goods (especially cotton fabrics) helps to retain freshness while they are on the dealer’s shelves.
• Permanent stiffening
Permanent stiffening effects can be achieved by chemical process that change the cellular structure of the fiber.
Glazing
A shift polished or glazed surface can be obtained by the application of starch, glue, mucilage, or shellac followed by friction calendaring. The process makes a fabric resistant to dust and spot and minimized shrinkage.
Embossing
The process of producing raised figures or designs in relief on surface of fabric by passing the cloth between heated engraved rollers is known as embossing.
Wash and wear finish
These are also referred to as dip-dry finishes. Garment made of fabric with wash-and-wear finishes will dry smooth and need little or no ironing after washing, depending upon the quality of the finish and the construction of the fabric.
Calendaring
The tentered and finished fabric is taken to the calendaring machine for ironing purposes. Calendaring is essentially an ironing process that adds shine to the fabric. The method varies according to the type of finish desired. Calendars are heavy machine made up of at least two rolls.
Sunforizing
The calendared fabric is taken to sanforizing machine for controlling of shrinkage. This process reduces the shrinkage of cotton and linen fabric. Cotton and other cellulose fiber fabrics may also be pre-shrunk by a process called sanforset, which combines ammoniating, with the comprehensive shrinkage process of sanforizing.
Inspection and Folding
After sanforizing the fabric is taken to the inspection and folding department. The qualify of the fabric is checked and the fabric is folded according to its packing requirements.
Rejected fabric is classified either B and C grade, depending on the technical defect and length of the fabric.
Packing
After inspection and folding, the fabric is taken to packing department where the folded finished cloth is packed in export, sea worthy bales or rolls. The packing depends upon the requirement of the buyers.
Spinning Department
The spinning plant was setup in year 2003. It is one of the most modern plants in the country. It is confined to producing blended yarns, mostly 30Ne and higher counts. Its annual production is more than 3.2 million kg. The spinning is self sufficient in its electricity needs. The power generation plant is located within the same premises.
Purchase Department
The purchase department is divided into two sections.
• Cotton Purchase Department
• Store Purchase Department
Cotton purchase department
Cotton purchase department is most important department in textile industry. Quality of yarn depends upon cotton that has been purchased. It becomes most important when there is business of export. There is no question of compromise on quality. Because your minor mistake may result in huge losses. Moreover you will loss your credibility. From director to cotton selectors all are involved in cotton purchase process.
• Purchase Process
The following steps are involved in the purchase of raw material i.e. cotton.
Demand of purchase from mill
Purchase Requisition
Sample from different suppliers
Sample Testing Decision-making
Agreement with the Party
Writing delivery order for factory
In Gate pass + D.O + Purchase
invoice + Purchase requisitions
are supplied to accounts department
• Visit of Cotton Selectors
The cotton selectors of Bismillah textile visit the cotton ginning factories. Cotton selectors may visit the factories on their own behalf and some times the cotton factories call them. Their visits are very important because purchase process starts from here.
• Selection of Sample
Samples are selected from huge amounts of cotton. Samples are taken from different suppliers. These samples are then tested. The most suitable sample at lowest price is selected for purchase of cotton.
At there is centralized management system so the director himself takes the decision of selection and purchase of cotton.
Store Purchase Department
The store purchase department is headed by stores in charge. The setup of purchase department is as under:
• Director
• Purchase Officer
• Assistant Purchase Officer
• Purchase Clerk
The store purchase department is responsible for the purchase of items like spare parts of machinery, store and packing material spares, electric items, oil and lubricants, stationery items, building material and general store.
Documents
• Demand Requisition
• Invoice of Purchase
• Delivery Order
• In Gate Pass
Procedure
The following is the procedure for local purchase department.
• The purchase department receives the demand requisition from store in charge at store at mills this is in fact an intention or requirement of commodities at mill.
• The purchase demand requisition contains a full detail of quality and quantity of commodities required. It also contains price detail of goods purchased previously.
• The purchase department on the basis of indent does an inquiry for rate from at least two suppliers from approved suppliers list.
• After inquiry purchase Manager discusses with director for approval of rate and other necessary requirement.
• After the approval the purchase department purchases the items from suppliers and sent them to the mill with three copies of delivery orders.
• In case of no rejection of items store in charge send one copy of delivery order back to the purchase deportment along with one copy of In Gate Pass. Store in charge also keeps a copy of delivery order and in Gate pass for his own record.
• In case of rejection of items store in charge sends all copies of delivery orders with items back to the purchase department.
Import Department
Bismillah has also an import department is responsible to import those items, which are not available in Pakistan. The structure of this department is as under:
Chief Executive
Executive Director
Senior Manager
Assistant
Procedure
Senior Manager is responsible for import of machinery, equipment, spare parts, raw material, etc.
• An indent for import of item after the approval of Chief Executive is sent to import department.
• The senior Manager import selects a subcontractor from approved suppliers list.
• In reply, a quotation from the subcontractor is received. A copy of quotation is sent to concerned department for evaluation and checking of specification.
• The received items are sending to the mills where these are opened. The items are checked against quotation. In case of any damage, the import department is informed immediately. Import department do the necessary arrangements for survey of goods from insurance agencies.
Quality Control
A lab is operated round the clock to control quality. It is considered as brain and the eyes of our process, and is equipped with state-of the art testing and dyeing equipment. To have better control, lab activities are divided into four department:
1. Raw materials quality control
2. In-process quality control
3. Finished product quality assurance
4. Research and development
By means of colors matching instruments, the laboratory also formulate recipes for the dye house in accordance with the customers’ requirements and work out finishing procedures.
Bismillah Textiles maintains the quality system of inspection and testing of the materials at receipt and during all stages of production, dispatch of finished products and ensures that the product confirms specified requirements. Our inspection and testing procedure is established to formalize process of inspection and testing for the raw material, in process and finished goods for quality assurance. Inspection and testing in lab ensures that incoming products are not used or processed until these have been inspected or otherwise verified as conforming to client’s requirements. No products are dispatched until all the activities specified in the quality plan and/or documented procedures have been satisfactorily completed. The company has established and maintained records, which provide the evidence that the products have been inspected and/or tested. We strive to improve our Quality Management System on a continuous basis through continuous internal quality audits, training to our employees, continuous quality council meetings and latest inspection and testing techniques etc. All the matters related to quality assurance are discussed and reviewed by the top management in the quality council meetings.
ISO 9000 Certification
We feel pleasure that by the grace of almighty Allah Bismillah Textile (Pvt) Ltd has received certification under international standard ISO 9001-(Quality Assurance in design, development, production, installation & servicing ) in February 2000 from world recognized certification agency AFAQ ASCERT International(DAR, COFRAC & RVC).
Our scope of certification covers Designing, Processing, Export and Sales of Finished Fabrics and Made Ups. Our registration number is N0 QUAL/2000/13759. Internationally recognized, AFAQ certification is granted only after rigorous analysis of the company quality system, in conformity with the ISO 9000 international standard. Consequently, Bismillah Textiles (Pvt) Ltd, with AFAQ certification, is one of those companies recognized as being the highest performers, those whom customers have most confidence in. This certification is a milestone in our journey towards quality excellence and demonstrates the competence and commitment of our staff in a process guaranteeing complete satisfaction for our customers.
Export Department
Export department plays a vital role in any organization. Bismillah export department is headed by the export manager. The export manager supervises all the marketing and export activities. Export manager is also responsible for the exploration of local and foreign markets. He is also making efforts for the development and the progress of the company.
Objectives
• To increase the export of the Grey Fabric and Yarn.
• To maximize the company profit by increasing exports.
• Exploration of the new markets.
• Market research making the better information system.
• Adopting the new technological a development changes in the field of textile.
• To build the image a credibility of the organization.
• To earn foreign exchange for the progress of the economy of the country.
Functions
Following are the main functions of the export department.
• Export department is responsible for the production planning and the production
follow-up with the mill.
• Customer correspondence as well.
• Export department also follow-up the local sale and purchase of the yarn and the
Gray fabric.
• The important function of the export department is to make shipment schedule
and the planning.
• Visiting to the existing and new customer.
• Providing timely information about the production of the products to the
customers which is also providing a service to its customers and promoting the
company image.
• Improving the quality of the products with a collaboration with the buyer and
the production department.
• Bank documents preparation and the follow-up.
• Preparing the custom documents.
• Dealing with the agents and providing timely information to the parties.
• B/L follow-up with the shipping lines.
• Export updating system is also the responsibility of department.
• Preparing the quality analysis report and sending them to higher authorities.
• Maintaining the complete sale and purchase records.
• Export department is helping in improving the quality and betterment of the
products and the company.
• Providing timely information to the clients is the main service provided by the
Bismillah Textile (Pvt) Ltd export department.
Export Documentation
Export procedure is a very lengthy process. It involves a number of documents required by the importer from the exporter. Bismillah Textile (Pvt) Ltd export department carefully handle all the steps involve in it. Because a little bit of mistake can cause a great loss to the exporter and the importer.
• Indent
• Sales Contract
• Letter of Credit
• Custom Documents
• Packing List
• Bill of Lading
• Bill of Exchange
• Certificate of Origin
• Inspection Certificate
• Form E
• Form M
• Shipping Bill
Description of Export Documentation
Indent
Indent is the first export document which is send by the agents to export department. After the careful analysis of all the terms and conditions such as the quality description the selvedge, shipment date, piece length, piece per unit, the packing and payments terms. It also contains the buyer name and the reference number of buyer or agent.
Sales Contract
The export department after the careful analysis of indent issues the sales contract. As they have the products and condition of the indent, such as the quality, packing, payment terms, commission, shipment date and the price of the product. Issuing sales contract is the confirming the sale of the products to the buyer on the specified price. If there is changing made by the buyer or agent, so the later revised sales contract is issued by the export department. In which they can revised any thing, the shipment schedule, the price and the product specification. Export department handle carefully the steps of that procedure. Also the contract copies are sent to the agent, the buyer, the accounts and the audit department of the BT for their record purpose.
Letter of Credit
Letter of credit is very important documents in the whole export procedure. Because without this the process could not be complete. L/C is a written instruction issued by buyer’s bank, authorizing the export to draw in accordance with the terms and stimulate legal forms that bill will be honored.
In the L/C all the term and the conditions are given by the buyer. What documents he needs. In the L/C there are important things mentioned there.
• The buyer name is there in the L/C.
• The bank of the importer is also mentioned.
• The importer name and address is also given.
• L/C number is mentioned on the top or the L/C.
• Issuing date of the L/C, the expiry date of the L/C, the amount of L/C, the quantity of the products.
• The complete description of the products and the rate.
• The shipment date is also mentioned.
• The port is given there in L/C.
• The shipping line is given, so the exporter only sent the goods on that specific shipping line.
• L/C terms are given, either it is 120 days, 90 days or sight from B/L date.
• On the L/C the rate per unit and the shipment schedule is given on what date the products would be shipped in what quantity.
• Trans shipment or the partial shipment allowed or not is also there in the L/C.
• All the documents such as the invoice, the packing list, the certificate of origin and other inspection certificate are also mentioned as required by the importer.
Custom Documents
The custom documents are very important because it provide the evidence that goods have been transported and it enables the importer to receive the goods from the custom authorities. As the order placed by the importer is ready on the due date, the export department issues the dispatch order to the mill. That the following quality should be dispatched on the containers specified on this L/C. The goods are loaded on the specified containers and they are sent to the Karachi port on the specified line.
BT mostly does its shipment through the shipping companies. The shipping lines charge their freight and other charges are paid the agents as well as for clearance of the goods from the port. The agents handover the documents which involve packing list and invoices to the shipping lines. As the trailer number, the container number E form number, quality and the quantity is completely mentioned on this invoices.
Mode Document Carrier
By sea Bill of lading Shipping lines
By Rail Receipt Railway service
By Road Road way bill Transporter
By Air Air way bill Air lines
Packing List
Packing list is a document which involves all the complete list of the goods packed in the particular shipment. It is very important document. It provides a convenience to the shipping and the clearance authorities.
Features of packing list
• It usually shows the marks a number mentioned on the packages.
• It shows the weight also.
• Each package is marked by a number.
• It shows the contents of each package, what is nature, quality and quantity of the package.
• It provides a linkage with the other documents to reference to the invoice number, date, letter of credit number, date and vessel name.
Bill of Lading
Bill of lading is one of the most important documents in the whole export documents. Because without this the importer cannot receive their goods from the destination port.
BT first of all draft the bill of lading and that is sent to the shipping line. Bill of lading also contains the specifications related to the importer and the exporter. The name of the exporter, place, the importer, the bank, the quantity is mentioned, the quality is mentioned, the quality with all specifications required by that, the total value of the goods which are exported. The date of the bill of lading is mentioned. The shipping line and vessel name is given on B/L. Bill of lading is a comprehensive documents that is issued by the shipping line. The date of shipment is also mentioned on that. Without this the importer can’t clear the goods from the destination. BT export department also very quick in follow up of the B/L because they have to transfer the information to the parties.
Bill of Exchange
It is unconditional order in writing, addressed by a person to another, signed by person giving it, requiring the person to when it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed determinable future date. When the L/C is opened the B/E must be strictly drawn according to the terms and conditions of the creditor may be drown on the request of the applicant or on the bank request through which the credit is opened. B/E is also a important document of export.
Certificate of Origin
Certificate of origin shows that the good which are being exported are originate from a country form which importer is allowed. These are required by the authorities in the importing countries. In order to satisfy and support a claim for the import duty.
The certificate of origin may also be made by the consultants of the importing country in the form of consoler invoice or legalize the exporter’s commercial invoice. When explorer called for L/C, of is with the other documents by reference to the invoice number, L/C number and by quoting shipping marks and number in order to identify the goods.
Inspection Certificate
Certificate of inspection is also a important document, it is in those consignments where the importer wants to assure himself, about the shipment of the correct goods, in terms of the quality, description quantity and size. The documents should specifically identify to the goods by having a reference to the marks and numbers of the package and linkage to the other documents by reference to invoice number, the letter of credit number, the vessel name and the shipping line.
Form-E
Form-E is a document issued by the exporter bank. Through form-E the SBP controls the overall exports of the country. The form-E declares that the export information given on the form-E are correct and will submit the duplicate and triplicate copy of this form to authorized bank.
Form-E contains the following important information’s.
• Description of the goods, the quality of the goods exported.
• The quantity of the goods.
• The terms of the L/C.
• Destination of the goods.
• The consignee bank. The importer bank name through countries the payment would be released.
• The invoice value of the goods in the exported.
• The port form where the good are shipped.
• The place form where good are cleared.
• Date of the form-E is also on this form.
Form-M
It is also an important. It is used to play the commission to the agents. BT receive this form the agents. On this the amount of the commission is mentioned against invoices.
Shipping Bill
The customer clearing agents issue the shipping bill. It contains the complete information about the export bank the importer name, the exporter name, the weight of the goods, (Net and gross weight), number of packages, amount in US$, quality of the goods, the container number, the exchange rate and rupee amount.
Administration Department
This is very important department of the organization as the name shows; this department has to administrate all the operations of the organization. This is handed over to the A.M (Admin. Manager) of the company who is retired Army officer. Section of this department are divided into offices as under:
• Labor Office
• Security Guard Office
• Gate Office
• Time Office
Labor Office
As required by the labor department of the Govt. of Pakistan, this office has been setup to deal with all the matters that are related with labor. The department is under the labor officer. He is responsible to resolve all the disputes, conflicts, misunderstanding and any other kind of matter which may arise from time to time with the labor and the immediate supervisor or with any other person in the organization. It is the duty of the labor officer to inform the legal requirements concerning the labor and company affairs as well as any changes in the labor laws.
It is also the duty of the labor officer to satisfy itself regarding payment of bonus, gratuity, and the other benefits to labor and to keep their morale and motivational level high. It is also a requirement to be a successful labor office that he should keep his knowledge up to date regarding the rules and regulations of the labor department.
Security Guard Office
The main objective of the security office is to safe handling of the goods from / to the mill premises. For the achievement of such objective a team of security guards has been employed by the company. All the keys relating the mill office, labor colony, (quarters) are lying into the responsibility of the security officer.
• No outside visitor can enter in the mills premises without the permission of the Admin Manager.
• Whenever any visitor wants to enter into the mill, security guard firstly contact with the authority in the mill to grant the permission to enter into the mill’s premises.
• Security guards can check each and every person before coming in or going out of the company gate for the security purposes.
• They see and check the outward going pass of the certain things when these going to out of the mills premises.
• They are the guardians of the every thing of the company.
Gate Office
This office has been made to keep the record of each and every thing coming into and going out of the mills gate.
For this purpose gate office clerk maintains two types of register called;
1. Outward going pass register
2. Inward going pass register
When every thing including raw material, stores supplies, or any other thing comes into the mills premises a document named as I.G.P is made in which information like date of supplier, description, quantity of the material and any other remarks are written. In the same way O.G.P is prepared for out going things etc and they made a summery on daily basis and fax to Head Office.
Time Office
• This office keeps and maintains the time record of all the workers on incoming time cards and pay register for the final preparation of the workers salaries.
• It keeps the attendance records, which is then used to calculate the salary to be paid to the workers on monthly basis.
• It keeps the records of the over time single as well as double, leaves, number of days worked of all the workers and than calculate their over time on the basis of the gross salary of each worker.
• It keeps the records of Social Security and Education Cess etc of each employee / worker payable to government treasury.
• It keeps the records of Gratuity, Bonus, Pensions and other benefits including CPL (Cash Paid Leave) to each employee / worker of the organization.
Core Competencies
The core competencies of the firm includes
• Technology
• Work Force
• Facility
• Market Experience
According to management one of the factor, on the basis of which they are competing in the market is the technology of there product.
The next important thing is the work force according to management; our employees have been the backbone of the company. They deserve to be given the right condition and right environment for them to grow and prosper. Throughout the history of the company, management has prided themselves in its excellent relationship with its employees. This bond has been recognized as one of the most important ingredient of our recipe for success.
Facility of the firm is also one of the core competencies of the firm. The firm is located at Faisalabad, 1km Jaranwala Road, Khurnanwala, Faisalabad, Pakistan where it can easily approaches to customer and supplier. Similarly the market experience is an other core competency.
Marketing Mix
Marketing mix is the set of marketing tool that the firm uses to get its marketing objective in the target market.
4P’s
1. Product
2. Price
3. Place
4. Promotion
Product
The company is committed to produce and achieve excellence in high quality products. The products range is extensive and include all sort of curtains, kid’s bedding, fashion bedding, traditional bedding, basic bedding and kitchen articles. As a fully integrated textile manufactures, the company’s products range is extensive. It includes various types of fabrications and blends, such as 100% cotton, cotton lycra, cotton polyester, cotton silk, etc.
The focus is to make differentiated products by using different types of fabrics, such as solids, dobbies jacquards, etc, and creative styling in the make-up to give high value for money.
Price
Pricing is an important element in the marketing process for any company. The price policy of company must be in such a way that it should produce a reasonable profit, for the company and should satisfy the customer. Following two factors are very important.
• Fixed Cost
• Variable Cost
Fixed Cost
Fixed cost is the cost which remains always same in total whether produce large quantity or small quantity. Fixed cost per unit rises as the quantity produced decreases and vice versa. Some companies always try to use their full capacity of production because with increase in production the fixed cost decrease. Following are some important factors of fixed cost. Some examples are:
• Salaries & wages
• Rent
• Local Taxes
• Fixed cost in value, the cost related to the machinery.
• Building cost
• Electricity change
• Insurance expenses
• Plant cost
Variable Cost
Variable cost changes in total with the change in quantity produced. It increases as the level of activity increases. Per unit variable cost remains same whether to produce large or small quantity. Some examples are:
• Material Cost
• Factory Overhead
• Part time Workers
• Transportation Charges
• Miscellaneous
Fixed cost + Variable cost + Desired profit = Total cost
Pricing Objectives
The obvious pricing objectives of Bismillah Textile are,
• Maximization of profit
• To achieve the target return and targeted sales
• Maintain the market share
Pricing Strategies
BT adopts following strategies in case of pricing fixing:
• Direct Selling
• Agent Selling
Direct Selling
If company sells directly then price components will be as follows:
Fixed cost + Variable cost + Desired profit
Agent Selling
If company sells to the customer through agent then fix price in this way:
Fixed cost + Variable cost + Desired profit + Middleman’s commission
The profit margin depends upon the quality and condition of the market. If the market will new obviously price level will be low to attract the customer and complete with the existing competitor.
Pricing Procedure In Local Market
BT sells locally only extra quantity left from the foreign order. They call tender when they want to sell the production in the local market. They sell to those persons whose tender price will be high. Some times, BT sells its product itself, when some extra quantity is left from foreign order, they sell at suitable cost.
Pricing Procedure For Export
Pricing procedure for export is different from the local procedure they charging the price in foreign factors before charging the price in foreign market. When any customer wants to purchase the products, after negotiation they fix the price. Some important factors are inland freight, sea freight, clearing charges, etc.
Place / Distribution
BT export more then 90 % or its product. So, they are using two types of distribution channels in export.
• Direct Channel
• Indirect Channel
Direct channel
BT is also dealing directly with the customers. As in the local market and the foreign, the buyers direct contact with the BT. So the export department fulfill their orders by the transformers. The transporter help in delivering the products. The transporter are helping a lot in progressing the textile industry. The comely delivery to the buyer is the greatest service to the customer, timely delivery is important for the success and development of the organization.
Indirect channel
BT to agent & to customer. In the export of textile products, the agents are the back bone of textile industry. They receive order on the behalf of buyer, give to the seller. They receive their commission from the buyer and the seller.
• The agents also purchase the products; sell them directly to other buyers. So in this trading they earn enough profit.
• There has been a large number of agents which are working for their organization in foreign countries as well as in this country.
• Mostly the export business is through these agents. The agents have been successful due to credibility and honesty of their work.
• BT mostly receives orders through agents.
• BT pays commission to them.
• Mainly the responsibilities lie on the agents in case of delayed shipments, payment problems and the quality problems.
• As most of the product of Bismillah are exported. So, they use different modes of transportation to transfer the product from Bismillah to customer’s country. Mostly Bismillah export its products through ship. They are other modes of transportation also being used
• Trucking
• Shipping
• Air Lines
Promotion
BT promotes its products, but to a limited extent.
• BT provides the company broachers to the buyers.
• BT provides the samples of the grey fabric. The yarn to the customers.
• BT has a direct contact with the local and the foreign agents, so they also promote the company products.
• Visits to the customers.
• BT marketing manager also visits its customers.
• Their high quality of the products on the fine count the grey cloth is also promoting the company and establishing image and goodwill.
• BT provides the timely information to the customers which help in promoting.
Pest
Analysis
Political
• The government taxes and the procedures about the taxes collection also have impact on the textile sector.
• Govt. rules & regulation about the textile sectors they also influence on the small and the large textile industries.
• Duty drew back is also an other, which is important.
• Export policies and the quota policies play a vital role in developing the future of the textile mill.
• Custom rules & regulation are major factors in importing the machinery and exporting the products.
• The export surcharges also have the impact on the competitiveness of the organization.
• The discontinuity in the policies have the negative impact on BT.
Economic
• Growth rate of the country is also important for the progressive textile industry.
• Inflation rate shows the level of prices. The high rate of inflation level leading towards the lower profit margin.
• Macro economy will also keep in improving the industry growth.
• Foreign investment is also boosting the economy.
• Govt. rules & regulation also have a influence in the textile industry.
• The fiscal balance also have impact. It is reducing so the interest rate is also decreasing.
• Balance of payment is also improving it is a positive indicator for the development of textile sector.
• Govt. incentives to the export of textile products also play vital role.
• The rupee increasing so we are getting more foreign exchange.
Social
• Social unrest and disorder is also influencing.
• Workforce attitude is positive which is improving the growth and development of BT.
• The culture and the social norms.
Technological
• Technological developments in the machinery and parts have a great impact.
• Internet access is other. It is improving the efficiency & the time is reducing. It is a great facility to the exporters.
• Computer aided designs are also improve the overall productivity and the efficiency. It has reduced the time cost as well.
• Customers quick access to the information due to the fast communication channels.
• The new technological developments such as e-commerce, e-banking and information technology are improving the efficiency and productivity.
SWOT
Analysis
Strengths
• Imported machinery.
• Strong market image.
• Awareness of product.
• Strong industrial group.
• Good know how about the textile business. This is improving the progress of the company.
• Cheap labour is available to BT which is reducing the per unit cost.
• The products are at compatible prices.
• Cotton is also available at cheaper rates.
• It has its own spinning unit and the weaving unit also. Which is reducing the cost of production.
• BT has well qualified staff.
• BT has a high financial resources. So they can invest in other textile related products.
• BT has its better market information system.
• BT has good relations with local and foreign buyers.
Weakness
• De motivated staff.
• Centralized decision making.
• Centralized control.
• Lack of HR resources development.
• Delivery time is more due to this the shipment are delayed.
• Lack of promotional activities. BT should do the more effort in promotion.
• Non-professional attitude. This is decreasing efficiency.
Opportunities
• Potential in the market.
• Govt. is also providing lot of incentives to the exporters.
• The decreasing interest rates on the loans.
• BT has opportunity to explore new international and growth oriented markets for the exports of fabric.
• BT can play the role of agent. So they can save the commission which is paid to the agents.
• BT can better the marketing techniques.
• The company should import the latest technology to decrease the per unit cost of the production.
• The company should make efforts to improve the technical skills of the labour and the employees which will improve the overall efficiency and productivity of the organization.
Threats
• The unreliable agriculture sector.
• Govt. strict policies about the textile sector.
• Political instability is also a major threat.
• The BT will face tough competition in domestic and international markets.
• WTO regime will be a great threat.
• China, Thailand and Indonesia are the emerging giants in textile.
• BT has a threat from the domestic and the international competitors.
• New entrants.
• Increasing the cost of production.
• Price fluctuations.
• Devaluation of US $.
Observation and Suggestions
As the textile industry is in crisis but Bismillah Textile Mill limited is performing very well in such difficult economic conditions. The avenues are always open for further improvements. I hope that the suggestions given by me that will not only benefit to the management for getting business but the workers will also efficient in performing their duties:
• There is centralization of authorities. The Chief Executive and the working Directors take all the decisions. The authority should be decentralized, because delegation of authority creates responsibility. If the management will delegate some authority to employees then employees will feel themselves responsibility and they would work with zeal.
• I would like to recommend that management should develop some policies for the promotion of efficient workers. As there is no any policy for the promotion of the workers, so it creates unrest among the workers.
• There is need for refresher courses for the managerial level employees. If the owners would make arrangements to provide training to the employees then they would work efficiently. By doing so the productivity of employees would be improve.
• The culture of the organization should be developed as according to the well-established organization.
• The control of the top management should be very strict over the employees so those employees will take responsibility for their assign job.
• Proper training should given to new employees as well as the existing employees for the improving of their efficiency and productivity.
• There is no any procedure for evaluation the performance of employees and hence there are no extra benefits to the efficient employees. The worker must do work more efficiently when there would some kind of prize would be given to them, the prize must be as the “employees of the day, month, or years”.
• There is flat rate of increment for all the employees. This flat rate is also minimal. This is breading discontent among the employees. The increment should also be given on the basis of performance and efficiency.
• There is lack of staff members in the office, so there is need for the appointments of new employees to diversify the load of work from the existing employees.
Markets of Bismillah Textile Pvt (Ltd)
United State 72.0%
Canada 14.42%
Argentina 3.00%
Brazile 1.15%
Chile 2.77%
Equador 0.11%
Peru 0.31%
Belgium 2.25%
Finland 1.08%
Italy 8.0%
Sweden 2.28%
United Kingdom 7.0%
Australia 0.24%
New Zealand 0.02%
U.A.E 2.0%
